English version of the Teny Fisaorana. The present work would not have been possible without the support, the patience, and the rigour of the persons and institutions named below.
The author first thanks his thesis director, Professor RAVONINJATOVO Achille Olivier, for accepting to supervise this research from its earliest formulation to its final defense. His scientific rigour, his demanding standards, and his constant availability shaped the structure of the present manuscript at every stage. The choice to treat low-resource Malagasy speech recognition as a probabilistic system rather than as a sequence of disconnected engineering steps owes much to his methodological guidance.
Equally heartfelt thanks are addressed to Dr Haingonirina Ignace RAJAOSOLOMANANTENA, co-director of the thesis, whose deep technical reading of every chapter, careful annotation of the formal derivations, and constructive criticism of the experimental protocol pushed the methodology toward greater clarity and reproducibility.
The author thanks the Doctoral School 3D of the University of Toamasina for the institutional framework that made this research possible, and the host research team in Engineering and Technology Sciences for the seminars, internal reviews, and collegial discussions that helped shape the present contribution.
Thanks are also due to the language consultants who supported the corpus construction effort, particularly those who contributed expertise on the Merina, Betsimisaraka, Sakalava, and Antandroy dialects, and to the professional transcribers whose careful work on double-annotated segments grounded the supervised set on which the calibration head was trained. The author is grateful to the institutions that issued explicit consent for archival audio to enter the license-first corpus.
The fellow doctoral candidates of the EDTM 3D community deserve specific mention for the rolling exchange of references, code, and critical readings that sustained motivation throughout the doctoral years. The author thanks the maintainers of the open-source libraries on which the experiments rely.
Finally, the author thanks his family for the unwavering moral and material support extended throughout the long years of research, and acknowledges, last but not least, the spiritual foundation that carried this work to its conclusion.
RANDRIAMANASINA Mianala Loharano
Toamasina, 2026